In 1933, 11 sugar plantations operated on Kauai: Kilauea, Kipu, Koloa, Lihue, Grove Farm, Makee, McBryde, (Hawaiian Sugar Co. until 1941, then renamed Olokele), Gay & Robinson, Waimea and Kekaha.

Then, beginning with Makee Sugar Co. in 1934, and ending with Gay & Robinson in 2009, all these plantations closed.

Plantation employees and their families lived in camps, of which only Gay & Robinson’s Kaumakani and Pakala camps exist today.

Among these camps were: Ahukini Camp, razed 1960s.

Camp 35 on Olohena Road below Kapaa Stable Camp on Kaapuni Road.

Grove Farm’s Puhi Camp, built circa 1917, occupied part of what is now the campus of Kauai Community College.

Halehaka Camp on Halehaka Road, Lihue, a short distance downhill from Japanese graveyard.

Hanamaulu Camp, laid out in the early

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