The end of summer brings an acceleration of activities, including internationally the summit meeting of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, held Aug. 31 to Sept. 1 at the seaside in Tianjin, China. This coalition was established in 2001 around the China-Russia axis to create cohesion and coordination among broadly congenial nation-states.

The Shanghai group’s formation is best viewed as an effort to counter the expanding U.S. influence in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union a decade earlier.

States of Central Asia, India, Iran and Pakistan are members. North Korea’s leader was in the city by invitation of Beijing. Southeast Asia nations were also present this year, reflecting China’s priorities.

Noteworthy is the role of India.

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chines

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