The intrusion of Russian drones into Poland — whether deliberate, as Ukraine’s European allies contend, or accidental — is a test of NATO’s readiness and resolve, experts say.

Were the violations deliberate?

The overflights came as Russia unleashed a barrage of strikes across Ukraine overnight, including in the western city of Lviv, around 50 miles (80 kilometres) from the Polish border.

Poland’s airspace was violated 19 times, Prime Minister Donald Tusk said Wednesday, and at least three drones were shot down after Warsaw and its allies scrambled jets.

Russia’s defence ministry denied that it had targeted Poland but such cases have fuelled speculation that President Vladimir Putin is testing how far he can push the West.

EU foreign policy chief Kaja Kallas said the breach of Polish a

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