A man describes AI software during an interview last year. Two states may be the first to enact laws aiming to prevent catastrophic harm from frontier AI models. (Photo by Matthew Hinton/The Associated Press)

California and New York could become the first states to establish rules aiming to prevent the most advanced, large-scale artificial intelligence models — known as frontier AI models — from causing catastrophic harm involving dozens of casualties or billion-dollar damages.

The bill in California, which passed the state Senate earlier this year, would require large developers of frontier AI systems to implement and disclose certain safety protocols used by the company to mitigate the risk of incidents contributing to the deaths of 50 or more people or damages amounting to more than $

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