The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit issued a precedential decision in Transource Pennsylvania LLC v. Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission ( Transource ) on Sept. 5, 2025. The Third Circuit affirmed a district court ruling that the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution preempts the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission's (PAPUC) denial of siting applications for a regional transmission project previously approved by PJM Interconnection LLC (PJM), a regional transmission organization regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC).

The case arose from PJM's selection of Transource's Project 9A to alleviate congestion on the AP South Reactive Interface, a transmission bottleneck affecting electricity prices in Maryland, Virginia and the District of Columbi

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