Demonstrators in Lower Manhattan protest the detention of former Columbia student and pro-Palestinian activist Mahmoud Khalil on March 10.

Selcuk Acar/Anadolu/Getty Images

In a scathing decision published Tuesday , a federal judge ruled that two federal agencies led a campaign to detain and deport international students and faculty for pro-Palestinian speech with the goal of chilling further protests, violating the First Amendment.

“There was no ideological deportation policy,” wrote senior U.S. District Judge William G. Young, a Reagan appointee, in the 161-page ruling. “It was never the Secretaries’ [Marco Rubio, of the Department of State, and Kristi Noem, of the Department of Homeland Security] immediate intention to deport all pro-Palestinian non-citizens for that obvious First A

See Full Page