Was Mahatma Gandhi, the man who led India’s freedom struggle with moral force, also an opponent of science?

It is a provocative question that has surfaced time and again, with critics pointing to his writings and views on modern medicine, machinery, and industrialisation as evidence that the Mahatma harboured a deep distrust of science and technology.

Gandhi often spoke against what he called the “mad rush of modern civilisation.” In his seminal text Hind Swaraj (1909), he denounced industrialisation, railways, and large-scale machinery, arguing that they corrupted human values and weakened self-reliance.

Critics have latched onto these words, claiming Gandhi’s philosophy amounted to a rejection of scientific progress.

His skepticism of modern medicine has also come under fire. Gandhi

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