Scientists Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi have won the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for “their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance", the award-giving body said on Monday.

Brunkow is a senior program manager at the Institute for Systems Biology in Seattle. Ramsdell is a scientific adviser for Sonoma Biotherapeutics in San Francisco. Sakaguchi is a distinguished professor at the Immunology Frontier Research Center at Osaka University in Japan.

Thomas Perlmann, Secretary-General of the Nobel Committee, said he was only able to reach Sakaguchi by phone Monday morning. He left voicemails for Brunkow and Ramsdell, AP reported.

EXPLAINED | What Is Peripheral Immune Tolerance For Which Brunkow, Ramsdell, Sakaguchi Won Nobel Prize?

Peripheral immu

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