Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi have won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025 for their groundbreaking discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance that prevents the immune system from harming the body.

The prize-awarding body said that their discoveries laid the foundation for a new field of research and spurred the development of new treatments, for example for cancer and autoimmune diseases.

The nobelprize.org website explained the concept and the contribution of the three scientists . Edited excerpts from the report.

The immune system protects humans from thousands of different viruses, bacteria and other microbes that attempt to invade our bodies. One of the immune system’s marvels is its ability to identify pathogens and differentiate them f

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