T he establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995 marked a defining moment in the globalization of trade. Agriculture, once considered a domestic concern beyond the reach of international trade rules, became one of its most contentious frontiers. For India a nation where nearly half of the population depends on farming for livelihood WTO’s policies have triggered structural shifts that continue to shape rural economies, crop choices, food security, and farmers’ income. The impact of WTO on Indian agriculture is far from one-dimensional. It is a complex web of opportunities, dependencies, vulnerabilities, and contradictions that intertwine domestic realities with global economic power plays.

The Global Trade Transformation and India’s Entry

When India joined the WTO, it d

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