California’s power grid has evolved from its Gold Rush hydropower roots to one of the world’s most ambitious clean-energy systems. After the 2000–2001 energy crisis exposed weaknesses in deregulation, the state rebuilt through the California Independent System Operator (CAISO), modernized infrastructure, and expanded renewable generation. Today, utilities like PG&E and SMUD are deploying advanced grid technology, solar and battery storage, and large-scale clean-energy projects to meet California’s carbon-free goal by 2045. The transformation reflects both innovation and the financial strain of powering a sustainable future.

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