Yuval Noah Harari is a historian and the author of “Sapiens,” “Unstoppable Us,” and “Nexus.”

The war that began on Oct. 7, 2023, proved that, in the Middle East, peace treaties are reliable. When Hamas launched its attack on Israel, it did not break any peace treaty, for Hamas never signed such a treaty and was always very open about its intention to destroy Israel. In the two years following the Oct. 7 attack, all the treaties Israel did sign with its Arab neighbors held firm.

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