L ast week, Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath defended the banning of Halal certification in the state, claiming without sources that Halal -certified products fund Islamist terrorism. Countering this, Indian Muslims have argued that Halal is a dietary choice, akin to S attvic or Jain food.

With debate raging around the term, it’s worth stepping back to understand the history of Halal, and the various ways it has been seen by the people of Asia over time. Once a prescriptive notion for good behaviours, Halal has evolved through the centuries: a marker of identity, a dog-whistle for persecution, a flexible political concept, and finally into a multi-billion dollar global industry.

To put it briefly: contemporary India’s notion of Halal has little to do with h

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