World leaders are preparing to convene in Belém, Brazil, for COP30, the 30th annual United Nations Climate Change Conference, scheduled from November 10 to 21, 2025. The summit marks a decade since the landmark Paris Agreement of 2015, where nearly 200 nations committed to limiting global temperature rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.

Ten years on, the urgency has only deepened. Despite rapid advances in renewable energy, most national climate plans remain insufficient to meet the Paris goals. Under the agreement, countries were expected to submit updated emission-reduction strategies ahead of COP30, yet only about a third have done so.

UN Secretary-General António Guterres has acknowledged that temporarily overshooting the 1.5°C target now appears “inevitable,” though he hopes t

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