T he Harappan, or Indus Valley Civilization, remains one of humanity’s most intriguing ancient cultures a society that rose with remarkable sophistication, flourished for centuries, and then vanished, leaving behind a trail of unanswered questions. Spread across what is now India and Pakistan, this Bronze Age civilization thrived from roughly 2600 to 1900 BCE, yet many aspects of its culture, governance, and daily life continue to puzzle historians.

A Civilization Ahead of Its Time

Archaeological sites such as Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, Lothal, and Kalibangan reveal cities planned with astonishing precision. Streets followed strict grids, houses had private wells and bathrooms, and entire settlements were equipped with advanced drainage systems unmatched until modern times. Thes

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