India’s debt recovery system continues to face heavy pressure, with the Union government informing the Rajya Sabha that 178,172 cases remain pending before debt recovery tribunals (DRTs) as of 14 November 2025, alongside 66,876 pending Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI) Act applications. In a written reply, the government noted that while recoveries through the DRT framework have improved over the years, the volume of unresolved cases remains substantial, underscoring ongoing structural challenges in the debt enforcement ecosystem. In a written reply, Harsh Malhotra, ministry of corporate affairs (MCA) also shared updated figures on cases before the national company law tribunal (NCLT), which handles corporate insolv

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