Antepartum hemorrhage (APH) is a critical obstetric emergency that affects 3-5% of pregnancies and is a major cause of maternal mortality (30-50%). It is characterized by bleeding from the genital tract after the period of viability (after 28 weeks in India and 24 weeks in Western countries) but before the end of the second stage of labor. APH can be categorized based on blood loss into minor (1000 ml) hemorrhage.

The primary maternal causes include placental bleeding such as placenta previa (35%) and abruptio placenta (35%), with other causes like cervical trauma, infections, and uterine rupture. Fetal causes include rare conditions like vasa previa (<1%). Miscellaneous causes include anomalies in the placenta and umbilical cord, such as circumvallate placenta and velamentous cord insert

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