WASHINGTON — Nearly 1 million Russian troops have been killed or wounded in the country’s war against Ukraine, according to a new study, a staggering toll as Russia’s three-year assault on its neighbor grinds on.

The study, published Tuesday by the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, said that close to 400,000 Ukrainian troops have also been killed or wounded since the war began. That would put the overall casualty figure, for Russian and Ukrainian troops combined, at almost 1.4 million.

Officials cautioned that casualty figures were difficult to estimate because Russia is believed to routinely undercount its war dead and injured, and Ukraine does not disclose official figures. The study published Tuesday relied on casualty figures compiled by U.S. and British g

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