Hydration is typically simplified to mean drinking enough water, but this overlooks the intricate physiological processes involved in maintaining the body’s fluid balance. Proper hydration is not merely a matter of fluid intake; it also encompasses the regulation of electrolytes, cellular water transport mechanisms, and interactions between hydration status and metabolic function.

These elements are critical not just for athletes but for anyone aiming to optimize physical and cognitive performance, prevent chronic disease, and sustain general health.

1. Electrolyte Balance: The Unsung Component of Hydration

Water alone is not sufficient to hydrate the human body effectively. Electrolytes—including sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride—play a critical role in maintaining fl

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