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The Israeli airstrike on Hamas offices in Doha killed six, enraging Qatar and sparking regional condemnation.

Persian Gulf leaders say the attack exposes limits of U.S. security guarantees in the region.

BEIRUT — For years, Persian Gulf nations staked their defense on one thing above all: A U.S.-supplied security umbrella, paid for with tens of billions of their petrodollars and agreements that allowed the U.S. to dot the Middle East with some of its largest military facilities.

The thinking was that being users of U.S. weaponry and having a U.S. military presence was a virtual guarantee of protection if enemies came to call.

That thinking was upended on Tuesday, when Israel, a

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