The next time you get a blood test, X-ray, mammogram , or colonoscopy , there’s a good chance an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm will first interpret the results even before your doctor has seen it.

Over the course of just a few years, AI has spread rapidly into hospitals and clinics around the world. More than 1,000 health-related AI tools have been authorized for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and more than 2 in 3 physicians say they use AI to some degree, according to a recent survey by the American Medical Association. The potential is extraordinary. AI—particularly in the form of AI agents that can reason, adapt, and act on their own—can lighten doctors’ workloads by drafting patient notes and chart summaries, support precision medicine through mor

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