On an August night in 2024, a small group of Hindu families from Bangladesh gathered at a muddy riverbank near the Assam frontier, clutching children and a few bundles of belongings. They were fleeing attacks on their homes and businesses after weeks of unrest; by dawn, most had been stopped or turned back by India’s border guards. Incidents like this revived memories in the northeast of earlier refugee crises that once filled Assam and Tripura’s camps.

In Bangladesh, fear is driving the movement. As violence and intimidation spread last year, hundreds of minority Hindus and other vulnerable groups tried to cross into India seeking safety. Some were detained, others pushed back, and many crowded frontier areas pleaded to be let in. Reports from national and international media described I

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