Since the Hamas-led assault on southern Israel on October 7, 2023, and the subsequent Israeli military campaign in Gaza, at least half a dozen major ceasefire and peace proposals have been tabled by international mediators.

The first of these came in November 2023, when Qatar, with the support of the US and Egypt, brokered a four-day pause in fighting. The pause was extended briefly before hostilities resumed.

Through early 2024, mediators in Doha and Cairo pushed “everyone for everyone” swap proposals. However, Israel and Hamas could not reach a truce.

A more ambitious framework emerged in May 2024, when Egypt and Qatar unveiled a three-stage plan, with US backing. The draft envisaged an initial 42-day truce, phased hostage releases, Israeli withdrawals and eventually a “sustainable ca

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