The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025 has been awarded to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi for groundbreaking discoveries that explain how the body’s immune system is kept in check to prevent it from attacking its own organs.

Their pioneering work on peripheral immune tolerance revealed how a special class of immune cells, known as regulatory T cells, act as guardians against autoimmune disease.

Every day, the immune system defends us from thousands of invading microbes. But many pathogens mimic human cells to evade detection, making it vital for the immune system to distinguish between foreign threats and the body’s own tissues.

The laureates’ work answered this long-standing question by uncovering the mechanisms behind peripheral tolerance, the immune syst

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