US scientists Mary E. Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell, along with Japan’s Shimon Sakaguchi, have been awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their groundbreaking discovery on peripheral immune tolerance. The scientists awarded the prize for discovering how the immune system protects us from thousands of different microbes trying to invade our bodies. Announced by the Nobel Committee today at a ceremony in Stockholm, Sweden, the trio were honoured for identifying regulatory T cells, key components that prevent the immune system from attacking the body’s own tissues. This discovery has paved the way for new treatments in autoimmune diseases, cancer, and organ transplantation. The prize, worth 11 million Swedish kronor, will be shared equally among the three

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