The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has recognised discoveries that transformed the scientific understanding of autoimmune regulation . Today, researchers are exploring these conditions’ genetic, molecular, and environmental determinants, paving the way for early diagnoses and targeted interventions. An important chunk of this advance is owed to the work of Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi, who established the role of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and the transcription factor FOXP3. In the 1990s, immunologists had already defined the deletion of self-reactive T-cells during maturation, yet this process could not account for the persistence of autoreactive T-cells in healthy individuals. Sakaguchi figured that an additional mechanism must operate in the peripher

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