New Delhi: Scientists Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi were awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology Monday for their work in the field of peripheral immune tolerance that prevents the immune system from harming the body.

“Their discoveries have been decisive for our understanding of how the immune system functions and why we do not all develop serious autoimmune diseases,” Olle Kämpe, the chair of the Nobel committee for medicine or physiology, said during the announcement.

The human immune system protects us from thousands of different microbes trying to invade our bodies every day. These microbes have different appearances, and many even develop similarities with human cells—as a form of camouflage—protecting themselves from the human immune system. S

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