As the colder months approach, the United States is entering respiratory virus season, which is expected to see an increase in cases of COVID-19, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has released its annual outlook report, predicting that the 2025-26 respiratory virus season will have peak hospitalizations similar to those of the previous season.

Public health experts emphasize that vaccination is the best defense against these viruses. Dr. Hansa Bhargava, a pediatrician at Children's Health Care of Atlanta, stated, "We are so fortunate to be in a time that we have these protective measures, especially for our children. It's really important to get the vaccines that your doctor recommends, both for yourself and also because even if you get vaccinated and there isn't herd immunity, then [your family is] at greater risk to get the illness if it comes through."

This season, there are three key vaccines available: COVID-19, influenza, and RSV vaccines.

**COVID-19 Vaccines** Earlier this month, the CDC updated its recommendations regarding COVID-19 vaccinations. The agency has moved away from universal guidance, now suggesting that individuals aged 6 months and older can receive the vaccine based on personal choice after consulting with a healthcare provider. This change follows the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) decision to narrow the marketing authorization for updated COVID-19 vaccines, particularly for those aged 65 and older and younger individuals with underlying health conditions.

Most Americans will only need one dose of the vaccine, although some high-risk groups may require additional doses. The American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended that children aged 6 months to 23 months receive the vaccine due to their heightened risk of severe illness. Additionally, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists advises that all pregnant women, those planning to become pregnant, or nursing should get vaccinated.

Dr. William Schaffner, a professor at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, noted, "COVID has not gone away. It still causes a substantial amount of illness... So, you can certainly mitigate, reduce your risk of hospitalization by getting vaccinated."

COVID-19 vaccines are widely available at pharmacies, doctors' offices, and health departments, with most insurance plans covering the cost.

**Influenza Vaccines** The CDC recommends that everyone aged 6 months and older receive an annual flu vaccine. Various flu vaccines are available this season, with specific recommendations based on age and medical history. Standard-dose inactivated flu vaccines are suitable for anyone as young as 6 months. A nasal spray flu vaccine is available for those aged 2 to 49 without certain medical conditions. Adults aged 18 and older can opt for a recombinant flu vaccine, while those aged 65 and older may receive a higher dose.

For children aged 6 months to 8 years, one dose is recommended if they have received two doses in previous seasons. However, two doses are necessary for those who have never received a flu vaccine or have an unknown vaccination history. Dr. Schaffner emphasized the importance of the flu vaccine, stating, "It's incredibly safe. It's given in the millions upon millions of doses around the world each year."

Flu shots are also available at various healthcare locations and are typically covered by insurance.

**RSV Vaccines** The CDC recommends RSV vaccines for all individuals aged 75 and older and those aged 50 to 74 at increased risk of severe RSV. Risk factors include chronic heart or lung disease and a weakened immune system. Three RSV vaccines are currently licensed for adults. Pregnant women are advised to receive a maternal RSV vaccine between 32 and 36 weeks of pregnancy to protect their newborns.

For infants whose mothers did not receive the maternal vaccine, a monoclonal antibody shot is available for those under 8 months old and some children up to 19 months. Dr. Bhargava highlighted the importance of protecting babies from RSV, stating, "It's very important for babies to be protected against RSV."

RSV vaccines are not annual like flu or COVID vaccines but are recommended for late summer or early fall. Monoclonal antibody shots are available seasonally. Dr. Schaffner noted, "If you're like me, and you have received [an] RSV [vaccine] last year, you do not need another one now."

RSV vaccines can be obtained at healthcare facilities and are generally covered by insurance plans.

As respiratory virus season unfolds, health officials urge the public to stay informed and consider vaccination to protect themselves and their families.