Donald Trump is often blamed for the US’s hostility toward the EU, but the roots of the rift run deeper. Europe’s manufacturing-heavy economy and tough regulation of US tech have put it on a collision course with Washington.

“It’s been a very productive week,” said EU official Ignacio García Bercero in July 2013, after the first round of negotiations between the United States and the European Union over the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). At the time, the deal was supposed to be the largest bilateral trade agreement in history. But TTIP never materialized, and it has long since been abandoned. Today, twelve years later, the political climate that made such a deal conceivable feels like a distant memory.

In August, Donald Trump and European Commission president Ursu

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