A law firm has been ordered to pay wasted costs after it cited two fictitious cases that were generated by artificial intelligence (AI).

According to barrister Alexander Bradford, the firm blamed a member of its administrative team.

He acted for the defendant, Birmingham City University, and reported the case on the website of his chambers, St Philips.

He said His Honour Judge Charman has ordered his ruling be published but it has not yet been.

The unnamed law firm was acting for a former student in a claim for breach of contract, negligence and fraud. Her solicitors submitted an application to the court on 10 July 2025 which cited two cases that turned out to be fictitious.

Mr Bradford recounted that, the following day, university’s solicitors, Cambridgeshire firm JG Poole & Co, said

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