A systematic review and meta-analysis confirms links between infection with viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, influenza, hepatitis C, and Herpes zoster with cardiovascular disease and events such as heart attack and stroke.

“It is well recognized that human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus, and other viruses can cause cancer; however, the link between viral infections and other non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, is less well understood,” said Kosuke Kawai, ScD, lead investigator of the study and adjunct associate professor at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, in a press statement.

“Our study found acute and chronic viral infections are linked to both short- and long-term risks of cardiovascular disease, including st

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