India's naval superiority over Pakistan is set to diminish starting next year as Pakistan begins to receive eight advanced Hangor-class diesel-electric submarines from China. Admiral Naveed Ashraf, the chief of the Pakistan Navy, confirmed that the first of these submarines will be operational next year. The deal, estimated at $5 billion, includes four submarines being built in China and four in Pakistan, with all deliveries expected by 2028. These submarines will enhance Pakistan's capabilities to patrol the north Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean.

The Hangor-class submarines, also known as Type 039A Yuan-class, are equipped with advanced sensors and weapons, including Stirling air-independent propulsion (AIP) systems. This technology allows them to remain submerged for two to three weeks, significantly improving their stealth and combat effectiveness. In contrast, India currently lacks any conventional submarines with AIP.

A senior Indian military official noted, "The submarines will undoubtedly boost Pakistan’s A2/AD (anti-access/area denial) capabilities in the Arabian Sea. We will have to find a solution for it." The official also highlighted the ongoing military collaboration between China and Pakistan, which has expanded from land to maritime operations.

The Indian Navy, while equipped with P-8I long-range aircraft and MH-60R Seahawk helicopters for anti-submarine warfare, faces challenges due to a dwindling fleet. The Project-75 India initiative, aimed at constructing six new German-origin submarines with AIP, is still in the planning stages and is expected to take several more years before the first submarine is operational.

Currently, the Indian Navy operates six French-origin Scorpene submarines, along with six older Russian Kilo-class and four German HDW submarines. Additionally, India has two nuclear-powered submarines, INS Arihant and INS Arighaat, with a third, INS Aridhaman, expected to be commissioned soon. In comparison, China boasts over 50 diesel-electric and 10 nuclear submarines, while Pakistan currently has three French Agosta-90B and two Agosta-70 submarines.

Furthermore, Pakistan is reportedly working on enhancing its nuclear capabilities by equipping its Agosta-90B submarines with 450-km range Babur-3 cruise missiles, which may also be fitted on the new Hangor-class submarines. This development raises concerns for India's naval strategy in the region.