Nanoscopic proteins made from the antibodies of animals like camels and llamas can penetrate into cellular spaces like no other antibodies can. Mounting evidence suggests these tiny molecules could even be put to work protecting the brain from difficult-to-treat conditions like Alzheimer's and schizophrenia .

In a new paper, a team of scientists from the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) in France explains where the research has gotten us so far, and what lies ahead.

The CNRS experts believe their small size may make them ideal for reaching into and treating the brain with fewer side-effects, though so far, the four nanobody therapies available have been approved only for treating other parts of the body.

Antibodies are proteins that our immune system uses to

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