In June 2007, Steve Jobs walked on stage in his trademark black turtleneck and did what he did best: reframe reality. He teased the audience with the promise of three new products: “an iPod, a phone, and an Internet communicator.” Then he slyly pulled one device from his pocket, the iPhone.

That first iPhone was sleek and groundbreaking in its physical design — and based on a closed system of software and apps. Sixteen apps in total, all made by Apple. Jobs even declared that software developers should really be hardware developers, reinforcing that Apple would keep things locked down. But, as time would show, Apple couldn’t, and didn’t, keep things locked down.

Within months, hackers were jail-breaking iPhones and building apps that people wanted on Apple iOS. Apple had two choices: dou

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