Mary Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell of the United States, along with Shimon Sakaguchi of Japan, were awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine on Monday for their groundbreaking work on peripheral immune tolerance.

The laureates identified the immune system’s security guards, regulatory T cells, which prevent immune cells from attacking our own body. Their discoveries have opened new avenues for potential treatments of autoimmune diseases and cancer.

During the announcement, Secretary of the Nobel Assembly Thomas Perlmann revealed that only the Japanese laureate, Shimon Sakaguchi, could be reached at his laboratory. Attempts to contact the two American researchers were unsuccessful, and Perlmann noted that their phones were likely on silent due to the time difference on the U

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