Three U.S.-based scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics Tuesday for their discoveries in quantum mechanics. The award was given to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret and John M. Martinis for “experiments that revealed quantum physics in action,” the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said. “To put it mildly, it was the surprise of my life,” 83-year-old Clarke told reporters at the announcement by phone after being told of his win. He pai

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