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In August 2024, Bangladesh’s longest-serving prime minister, Sheikh Hasina, was forced to resign and flee the country following massive waves of protests that ultimately brought down her government. The student-led demonstrations, which lasted for weeks, were met with a brutal crackdown by security forces, leaving an estimated 1,400 people dead, according to the UN human rights office. Hasina, who remains in exile in India, first took office in 1996 and returned to power in 2008, holding the post until her dramatic ouster. She is also the daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding leader of independent Bangladesh, who was assassinated in a military coup in 1975. 2 / 5

Marc Ravalomanana, Madagascar’s sixth president, held office from 2002 until 2009 when he was ousted in

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