New Delhi : The government has formally consolidated 29 different labour laws into four broad labour codes:

Code on Wages (2019)

Industrial Relations Code (2020)

Code on Social Security (2020)

Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code (2020)

The move has been pitched as an effort to simplify an extremely fragmented regulatory system. Beyond the official narrative, the shift represents one of the most sweeping overhauls to India’s labour framework in decades. The real impact, however, depends on how the codes interact with workplaces, workers, employers and state-level rules.

Why This Overhaul Was Attempted

India’s labour laws have long been criticised for being overly complex. The legacy system had separate laws for wages, factories, mines, contract labour, industrial

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