Just in time for the busy holiday travel season, researchers report on a question that will run through many people’s minds as they cram into tightly packed planes: How clean is airplane air?

To find out, Erica Hartmann, associate professor in the department of civil and environmental engineering at Northwestern University, and her colleagues tested face masks worn by passengers on flights to log what kinds of bugs these products trapped. The team was also interested in the air circulating in hospitals, another public place where germs commonly spread, and tested face masks worn by hospital personnel.

The team collected 53 masks in sterile bags and cut out the outer layers to analyze just the microbes circulating in the air and not in people’s respiratory passages, then extracted and ana

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