Mohammed Jamshed is a Distinguished Fellow at Chintan Research Foundation

The second half of 2025 witnessed unprecedented global turmoil amidst growing uncertainties, shaped by the headwinds of economic and political dynamics and challenges to the emerging world order.

Only a year earlier, this order had been rooted in multilateralism, interdependent trading and economic relations, and collective efforts to save the planet from the adverse impacts of climate change.

Ongoing conflicts across the globe—including the Red Sea crisis, the Israel–Palestine conflict, the Russia–Ukraine war, and several other bilateral disputes and internal strife—have prompted countries to pursue their own approaches both bilaterally and multilaterally.

Perhaps the most notable development of 2025 was the agg

See Full Page