Russian President Vladimir Putin’s arrival in New Delhi for the 23rd India-Russia Annual Summit was far more than a ceremonial engagement. In a world marked by geopolitical fractures, the visit reaffirmed the depth and durability of a partnership that has weathered decades of global realignments. It also underscored India’s determination to steer its foreign policy through strategic autonomy rather than alignment with any single power bloc.

The summit delivered a wide set of agreements --- a Vision 2030 roadmap for trade and technology, fresh commitments on energy and nuclear cooperation, the landmark RELOS logistics pact, and new arrangements on labour mobility, healthcare, maritime training, and food safety. Yet the most consequential outcomes were the ones that lay beneath the surface.

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