Recent federal actions are leaving some smoke and vape shops facing uncertainty about their futures.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) stepped up enforcement this month against popular foreign-made vape brands such as Geek Bar, Lost Mary and Raz.

In September, federal agencies seized more than $86 million worth of vape devices, bringing the years total to $115 million seized nationwide.

Whats driving the FDA crackdown?

In recent years, the agency has stepped up its enforcement, issuing warning letters, assessing civil money penalties and coordinating with import and law enforcement agencies to block unauthorized products at U.S. borders.

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Many of the seized shipments originated in China and o

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