One of India’s landmark reforms — the Labour Codes — has finally come into effect after nearly a decade of work and discussions, and has been a key reform priority of the NDA government, even though they continue to evoke contrasting reactions from companies and trade unions.

In a nutshell, the four Labour Codes — the Code on Wages, 2019; the Industrial Relations Code, 2020; the Code on Social Security, 2020; and the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 — which became effective on November 21, 2025, have simplified, codified, and modified 29 Central labour laws, some of which date back to the pre-Independence era. Advertisement

Key provisions of the Codes include guaranteed minimum wages, granting fixed-term employees benefits equal to permanent workers (includi

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