Canada geese need no introduction. These big, long-necked waterfowl with their characteristic black and white head pattern can be seen year-round in New Jersey.

But from October to December, flocks can also be seen flying overhead, often in their typical energy-saving V-formation.

So why are there still birds on the golf course? Well, though there is some interchange between them, there are two populations of these birds that occur in New Jersey.

One is a truly wild migratory population, of which some may now be entering the state for the winter, some are leaving, and some just passing over and heading south.

The other is a non-migratory resident population that has developed within the last century or two. The State of New Jersey keeps track of them, and there are about 60,000 birds i

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